mental disorder; DSM-IV

mental disorder; DSM-IV DSM-IV DSM-IV is a classification of mental disorders that was developed for use in clinical, educational, and research settings. What the DSM attempts to do is have specific criteria for specific disorders, but at the same time, not have the manual be used in a cookbook fashion. Meaning that the specific diagnostic criteria in the DSM are meant to serve as guidelines concurrently with clinical judgment. As we all know, each disorder included in the DSM has a set of diagnostic criteria that signify what symptoms must be present in order to meet the criteria for a diagnosis. Conversely, there are some disorders where there are symptoms that must not be present in order for an individual to be eligible for the diagnosis. A strong point of this particular set-up of the DSM manual makes finding the disorder and its diagnostic criteria easier because of its conciseness. The use of the DSM diagnostic criteria to diagnose has been shown to increase diagnostic reliability. As noted above, the DSM-IV is a manual that helps outline mental disorders. A major strength is that healthcare professionals such as physicians, psychologist, psychiatrists, and others combined their resources and knowledge to create a universal manual (Well in the US anyways). Also, the DSM is used for appropriate coding for billing and insurance purposes which, for most psychologists, is imperative in order to receive reimbursement for treatment. DSM IV allows researchers anywhere to gather together a group of patients who meet the described criteria for the disorder, try different treatments, and compare the results. The diagnosis is universal. Thus, a given percentage of patients with social phobia might be helped by placebo, and if a greater number will be helped by paroxetine, or gabapentin, or cognitive behavioral therapy, or whatever the treatment in the research design might be, then these treatments can be designated effective if statistical significance is reached.  "Evidence based treatment† appeals to the FDA and, more importantly, seemingly appeals to common sense. Empirical data is usually far more valuable than theories and controversy that cannot be backed up by a test of the facts. In recent years â€Å"evidence based medicine† has become a rallying cause. Pressures are exerted for it to become the standard of care. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the United States. It is intended to be applicable in a wide array of contexts and used by clinicians and researchers of many different orientations (e.g., biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, family/systems). DSM-IV has been designed for use across settings, inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, consultation-liaison, clinic, private practice, and primary care, and with community populations and by psychiatrists, psychologists, soc ial workers, nurses, occupational and rehabilitation therapists, counselors, and other health and mental health professionals. It is also a necessary tool for collecting and communicating accurate public health statistics. The DSM consists of three major components: the diagnostic classification, the diagnostic criteria sets, and the descriptive text. They have again missed the opportunity to note that although terms such as neurosis, hysteria and neurasthenia are not disorders in the DSM system, they are widely used throughout the rest of the world; none of these three terms is given an entry in the general index to the volume. This is a particularly unfortunate omission with regard to neurasthenia, since it means that the claim about taking notice of recent research cannot be taken very seriously. ? One of the weaknesses of the DSM system has always been the frequently available option of including the social effects of disorders in the criteria by which the same disorders are identified. The DSM-IV is a categorical classification system. The categories are prototypes, and a patient with a close approximation to the prototype is said to have that disorder. DSM-IV states, â€Å"there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries† but isolated, low-grade and noncriterion (unlisted for a given disorder) symptoms are not given importance.[18] Qualifiers are sometimes used, for example mild, moderate or severe forms of a disorder. For nearly half the disorders, symptoms must be sufficient to cause â€Å"clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, although DSM-IV-TR removed the distress criterion from tic disorders and several of the paraphilias. Each category of disorder has a numeric code taken from the ICD coding system, used for health service (including insurance) administrative purposes. Despite caveats in the introduction to the DSM, it has long been argued that its system of classification makes unjustified categorical distinctions between disorders, and uses arbitrary cut-offs between normal and abnormal. A 2009 psychiatric review noted that attempts to demonstrate natural boundaries between related DSM syndromes, or between a common DSM syndrome and normality, have failed.[4] Some argue that rather than a categorical approach, a fully dimensional, spectrum or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evidence.[38][39][40][41] In addition, it is argued that the current approach based on exceeding a threshold of symptoms does not adequately take into account the context in which a person is living, and to what extent there is internal disorder of an individual versus a psychological response to adverse situations.[42][43] The DSM does include a step (Axis IV) for outlining Psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder once someone is diagnosed with that particular disorder. Because an individuals degree of impairment is often not correlated with symptom counts, and can stem from various individual and social factors, the DSMs standard of distress or disability can often produce false positives.[44] On the other hand, individuals who dont meet symptom counts may nevertheless experience comparable distress or disability in their life. Despite doubts about arbitrary cut-offs, yes/no decisions often need to be made (e.g. whether a person will be provided a treatment) and the rest of medicine is committed to categories, so it is thought unlikely that any formal national or international classification will adopt a fully dimensional format.[4] Reference

How important is that we are certain about what we claim as knowledge? Essay

How important is that we are certain about what we claim as knowledge? According to my opinion, it is crucial to identify what we claim as knowledge. The world has a lot of information but not all of them can be claimed as knowledge that is suitable to. Everything from your opinion to the life changing decisions you make are dependent on the knowledge that you identify as your own through your own perspectives and also through your experiences. To me, unnecessary knowledge is something a person does not have to have and does not need to be claimed by a person. To distinguish between necessary and unnecessary knowledge one must know what he or she believes in and would need to be steadfast to that topic. By doing this your knowledge will be refined, rather than flooded. By saying this, it does not mean that the knowledge you can collect should not be collected it is just that the knowledge that is refined to your stature is definitely going to help you better than any other knowledge that you collect that does not come under your scope. The importance of what we claim as knowledge differs from person to person and in the end the basic background and culture the person is from, will determine what knowledge he identifies and adores. All in all the knowledge that you have does not merely state what you know, it describes what kind of a person you are and how your life has been and will be! How important is that we are certain about what we claim as knowledge? According to my opinion, it is crucial to identify what we claim as knowledge. The world has a lot of information but not all of them can be claimed as knowledge that is suitable to. Everything from your opinion to the life changing decisions you make are dependent on the knowledge that you identify as your own through your own perspectives and also through your experiences. To me, unnecessary knowledge is something a person does not have to have and does not need to be claimed by a person. To distinguish between necessary and unnecessary knowledge one must know what he or she believes in and would need to be steadfast to that topic.

Get the Scoop on Definition Essay Samples Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Definition Essay Samples Before You're Too Late You will be supplied a brief collection of terms that you associate with assorted experiences and situations. Except for selecting a topic, researching, and pinning down the major question, it's crucial to choose the structure as a protracted essay must be long. Therefore one needs to be keen in selecting the acceptable words to define. It is possible to give examples which will illustratively display your standpoint. The Basics of Definition Essay Samples A definition essay explores the history of a specific term and the author's individual comprehension of the specific notion or term. It can be tricky to write. Also it might be called an elongated definition essay. Nowadays you know a little bit more about how to compose a long definition essay. What You Can Do About Definition Essay Samples Beginning in the Next Six Minutes It's possible for you to develop into a word artist with the aid of your pen or c omputer only! Ensure you comprehend the term and are in a position to define it using your own words. Its principal goal is to define the precise term, and you ought to explain it not enjoy a dictionary. The teacher is not going to finish the assignment. Another vital point is a wide investigation of the topic. In the majority of instances, you're going to be defining terms your readers will already have a simple comprehension of. There are several different kinds of examples of trust. A complete case of the delicate character of trust can be discovered in marriage. In case the body paragraphs are clear and avoid rambling, pulling the key suggestions for the conclusion will be simple! Create a thorough outline before you get started writing. You also need to repeat your thesis in the last paragraph. Any academic writing piece needs an appropriate structure. New Ideas Into Definition Essay Samples Never Before Revealed People today are interested in being self-assured and just should know how to go about doing it. For example, they are more likely to agree with a definition of cat, while the term happiness will be defined in different ways. Many people don't realize that words we use today used to have a very different meaning and used to be utilized in various ways. Folks throw the term freedom around as if it's not something of importance. The New Fuss About Definition Essay Samples If other folks know that one can handle responsibility and can figure out how to do the perfect thing, even if they aren't asked, they won't falter in providing friendship and support. Naturally, self-assured men and women realize that life isn't perfect, nor are they. Therefore, a lot of people utilize beauty as something to cope with outer appearance in the world today. Another instance is the effect of television in changing the notion of beauty in smallish locations. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Definition Essay Samples The second body para graph should concentrate on the dictionary definition, and the way the word can be utilised in writing and conversation. For instance, it could be an anecdote or quotation. There are an endless number of words which can be defined in the period of an essay. You can earn a list of words which you would be happy to explore. Definition Essay Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About Should you do, paraphrase the offered definition to steer clear of difficulties with plagiarism. There are a number of ways to define a term. Additionally, it is necessary to restrict your term before you get started defining it. It is preferable to select complex terms with the wide definition. The teacher may provide several words to discuss to create the paper longer. You can begin with telling the history of the period, how it was used, and the way its meaning has changed over time. When getting into a significant relationship, you experience the great times and the terrible times. All you will need is to leave enough time before the deadline to be in a position to finish the essay. When you will feel your essay is completely complete and you don't have any doubts about its clarity, submit it to your tutor. An essay was defined in a number of means. Such essay will help to understand many aspects of a certain term and consider them within examples that are easy and actual, like the ones via an everyday life perspective. For many individuals, writing a definition essay seems a tough task as it takes lots of time and techniques. Otherwise, it's better to switch to another one. It's possible to search on the internet to prevent paperwork. Another illustration of our efficiency can be viewed in both the speedy email shipping service that we use and the simple fact that we've got a 24 seven customer support assistance, which is not just helpful throughout the procedure but also usually means that you may begin immediately.

How Drugs Affects Individuals With The Chemical And...

Marie Belony Professor Class 25, October 25, 2015 Hangover A hangover is when a person consumes high amounts of alcohol and become intoxicated beforehand. Soon afterward the person receives symptoms such as headaches, abdominal pain, dizziness, and nausea. Moreover, most people have found others way of reaching an out-of-state mind with drug substances. Drugs could be purchase off the counter of a pharmacy store or in the streets. Most of these drugs affect individuals with the chemical and compounds inside the drug. If you ever watch the movie â€Å"The Hangover† it would show that drugs and alcohol are a bad combination to mix within the movie. The movie starts off with phones ringing and going straight to voicemail from three individuals. The three individuals usually cannot remember what happen the other night because of drinking and taken a drug that they did not know about. The drug that the men took was called Rohypnol or also known as roofies. Which is a drug is use for date raping because when taking the drug you will not be able to remember what happen the other night. Throughout the movie the three men loses a 4th person and try to search for the other person while trying to remember what happen the other night. This happen actually twice once the men lost one of their friends while in Las Vegas and another in Bangkok, Thai. In Las Vegas the three men go through a long journey remembering bit and pieces of what happen to the person they are looking for and whenShow MoreRelatedMarijuana s Active Ingredient Is Tetrahydrocannabinol ( Thc )1189 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana’s active ingredient is tetrahydroc annabinol (THC) it contains a chemical compound called cannabinoids which are naturally found in the human anatomy. THC affects the central nervous system by binding to cannabinoid receptors that are present in the brain which triggers a euphoric response. 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